Josephine Property Tax rates for 2026 are posted by the Josephine County Assessor’s Office and affect every homeowner, commercial owner, and farmer in the Grants Pass area; the official site https://www.josephinecounty.gov hosts the latest property tax calculator Oregon and tax levy information Josephine County for quick estimates. Your 2026 property tax bill Josephine County will reflect the homestead credit Josephine County, any property tax exemption seniors Josephine County eligibility, and the assessed value shown on the property tax assessment notice Josephine County, which you can view through the online property tax portal Josephine County. Payment deadlines follow the state schedule, with the property tax due date September Josephine County marking the final cut‑off for all parcels, while delinquent property tax notices Josephine County signal possible penalties and interest. For direct help, call the Josephine County assessor office contact at (541) 474‑5260 or email assessor@josephinecounty.gov to verify the tax collector phone number Josephine County and confirm any relief programs Oregon you may qualify for.
Josephine Property Tax relief options include the property tax exemption seniors Josephine County program, the agricultural land tax Josephine County reduction, and the commercial property tax Josephine County adjustments for eligible businesses. If you disagree with your assessment, the property tax appeal process Oregon lets you submit evidence before the deadline noted on your property tax update 2026 Oregon notice. New homeowners Oregon can access the property tax map GIS Josephine County to see neighborhood valuations and use the property tax history lookup Josephine County for past trends. For refunds, check the property tax refund eligibility Oregon criteria and file through the same portal used for the property tax calculator Oregon, ensuring you meet all filing requirements before the next tax collector phone number Josephine County office call.
Search Josephine County Property Tax
Finding Josephine County property tax records starts with the county assessor’s online portal. The tool lets you look up assessed value, tax amounts, levy codes, and payment status for any parcel in Josephine County, Oregon. Searches work by account number, property address, or owner name. Results show current bills, prior-year balances, and exemption status.
Required Details Before You Start
You only need basic parcel facts to begin a tax record search. Most parcels appear under the street address listed with the county recorder. Account numbers appear on past bills or assessment notices. New owners without an account number can search by street name and city.
- Property address including ZIP code
- Owner’s full legal name on the deed
- Map and tax lot number (if available)
- Prior tax bill or account number
Step-by-Step Search Method
The search process takes a few minutes from any browser. You do not need an account to view general tax facts for any parcel. Saved searches and bill payment features require a free registered account.
- Open the Josephine County property data page through the county site.
- Pick the search tab labeled “Property Data and Tax Search.”
- Enter the parcel number, address, or owner name in the search box.
- Select the matching parcel from the result list.
- View the assessed value, tax amounts, and levy breakdown.
- Print or save the page for your tax files.
If the parcel does not appear, try a partial address with street name only. Some parcels show under subdivision names rather than house numbers. The portal also links to GIS maps that show lot lines and zoning.
Josephine County Property Tax Rates
Josephine County property tax rates come from local levy codes set each fiscal year. Rates change based on budgets approved by city councils, school boards, fire districts, and the county commission. A single parcel often falls under four or five overlapping levy areas. Total tax rates appear as dollars per $1,000 of assessed value.
How Rates Are Built Each Year
Each taxing district sets its own rate based on the budget it needs. The county assessor combines those rates into a combined rate for each tax code. Levies for bonds and local option taxes appear separately on the bill. Rate changes occur after the budget committee votes in spring.
- County general fund rate
- City or rural service rate
- School district permanent rate
- Fire and emergency services rate
- Library, park, or water district rate
- Bond or local option levy
Common Rate Categories
Rates vary across the county because each area belongs to different districts. Grants Pass properties carry city taxes in addition to county rates. Rural parcels in Cave Junction or Williams carry fire and road district levies instead. Below is a sample of how rate categories are grouped.
| Rate Category | Type of District | Applies To |
|---|---|---|
| County General | County government | All parcels |
| City of Grants Pass | Municipal services | City limits |
| School District Permanent | K-12 education | Resident parcels |
| Fire District | Emergency response | Rural parcels |
| Urban Renewal | Special district | Designated zones |
| Library or Park | Service district | Service area |
Reading Your Property Tax Bill
A Josephine County property tax bill shows the assessed value, total tax due, and where each dollar goes. Bills arrive in late October and payment runs through mid-November. The bill lists every levy that applies to the parcel in a stacked format. Each section ties back to a specific budget or bond.
Sections Printed on the Bill
The bill contains four main blocks: parcel facts, value facts, levy totals, and payment facts. Parcel facts show the legal description and account number. Value facts list land and improvement values separately. Levy totals combine all district taxes. Payment facts show due dates and discounts.
- Parcel number and legal description
- Land value and improvement value
- Taxable value after exemptions
- Combined tax amount for the year
- First-half and second-half amounts
- Discount and late fee dates
Sample Bill Layout
Each line item on the bill maps to a specific fund. The county portion covers roads, jails, and county offices. School levies cover teacher pay, buildings, and curriculum. Special districts cover local services like fire protection and libraries.
| Bill Line | Source District | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| County General Fund | Josephine County | Roads, courts, admin |
| School District | Local SD | Operations and bonds |
| Fire District | Rural or city FD | Fire and EMS |
| Library District | Library tax zone | Library operations |
| Bond Levy | Voter-approved | Capital projects |
| Total Tax Due | All districts | Combined amount |
Property Tax Payment Deadlines in Oregon
Oregon splits property tax bills into two payment windows each year. The first half covers the fiscal year from July through December. The second half covers January through June. Each half carries its own discount window and late fee schedule.
Standard Due Dates
First-half bills arrive in late October with a November 15 due date. Second-half bills arrive in mid-February with a May 15 due date. A three-percent discount applies to payments made by the discount date. Late fees start at five percent and grow each month.
- First-half discount deadline: November 5
- First-half due date: November 15
- Second-half discount deadline: May 5
- Second-half due date: May 15
- Late fee after due date: 5 percent
- Late fee after month two: 10 percent
- Late fee after month three: 15 percent
Discount and Penalty Schedule
Paying early saves a small but real amount. Postmarks count as the payment date for mailed checks. Online payments post the same day. Late payments lose all discounts and gain penalties that compound monthly.
| Payment Window | Discount or Fee | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| On receipt through Nov 5 | 3% discount on full year | Full payment required |
| Nov 6 through Nov 15 | 2% discount on full year | Full payment required |
| Nov 16 through Dec 15 | No discount, 5% fee | First half late |
| Dec 16 through Jan 15 | 10% fee on first half | Penalties compound |
| Jan 16 through Feb 15 | 15% fee on first half | Lien possible |
| After Feb 15 | Lien filing | Tax warrant issued |
Senior Property Tax Exemption
Oregon offers property tax relief for seniors who meet income and age rules. The deferral program lets seniors delay paying property taxes until the home sells. The exemption program reduces the assessed value for owner-occupied homes. Josephine County processes both programs through the assessor office.
Eligibility Rules
Applicants must be 62 or older, or retired due to disability. The home must be the primary residence. Income limits apply to both the exemption and the deferral. Asset limits also apply for the deferral option.
- Age 62 or older, OR disabled and receiving benefits
- Owned and lived in the home for at least five years
- Income under the state limit (adjusted each year)
- Net worth under the asset limit
- No reverse mortgage or home equity line
Application Steps
Forms arrive by mail in January or can be downloaded from the county site. You file the form with the assessor and attach proof of age and income. The county reviews and notifies you of approval. Approved exemptions appear as a value reduction on the next bill.
- Download the senior deferral or exemption form.
- Complete the personal facts section.
- Attach proof of age, income, and residency.
- Submit by the April 15 deadline.
- Wait for approval letter from the assessor.
- See the value reduction on the next tax bill.
Homestead Credit in Josephine County
The homestead credit reduces property taxes for low-income Oregon owners. The credit targets owner-occupied homes with assessed values below the state median. Josephine County processes the credit on the regular tax bill. The credit caps the property tax at a percentage of household income.
Eligibility Rules
Income and home value limits reset each year. The credit applies only to primary residences. Rental properties, second homes, and vacant land do not qualify. Renters may also qualify under a separate Oregon credit.
- Owned and lived in the home on January 1
- Home value at or below the state median
- Household income at or below the credit limit
- Filed a state tax return (Form OR-40)
- Included Schedule OR-HIC with the state return
How the Credit Is Calculated
The credit equals the difference between the property tax and a percentage of household income. Income above the limit disqualifies the credit. You do not apply separately because the credit flows through the state return.
- Property tax minus 4 percent of income equals the credit cap
- Income limit is updated annually by the state
- Credit applies only after other exemptions
- Credit appears on the November tax bill
Property Tax Appeal Process in Oregon
Property owners who disagree with the assessed value can file an appeal. The appeal asks the county Board of Property Tax Appeals to review the value. You must file by December 31 of the tax year. Appeals work best with strong evidence like comparable sales.
When to File an Appeal
Appeals apply to the current year value shown on the assessment notice. You cannot appeal the levy rates, only the assessed value. The deadline is strict, and late filings get rejected. Late petitions may be accepted for clerical errors.
- File by December 31 of the tax year
- Appeal applies to assessed value only
- Levies and rates cannot be appealed
- Same deadline applies for clerical corrections
Steps to File an Appeal
The appeal form is on the county clerk’s site. You submit facts, evidence, and the requested value. Hearings happen between February and April. A three-member board decides each case.
- Request the appeal petition from the clerk’s office.
- Complete the form with parcel facts and grounds for appeal.
- Attach a list of comparable sales or income data.
- Mail or deliver the form before December 31.
- Receive a hearing date by mail in January.
- Present your evidence at the hearing.
- Receive a written decision from the board.
Commercial Property Tax Rules
Commercial property tax in Josephine County covers offices, retail, industrial, and rental buildings. Commercial parcels use the same assessed value process as homes. The values track real market trends instead of capped residential rules. Appeal rights and deadlines stay the same.
How Commercial Values Are Set
The assessor uses three approaches for commercial properties. The cost approach uses replacement cost minus depreciation. The sales approach compares to recent sales of similar buildings. The income approach uses rent and expense data for rentals.
- Cost approach for newer buildings
- Sales approach for owner-occupied buildings
- Income approach for rentals
- Three-year sales study cycle
- Annual trending between study years
Common Commercial Categories
Each commercial parcel falls into a category that shapes the appraisal method. The category helps the assessor pick the right data. Property owners can challenge the category on appeal.
- Retail storefronts and shopping centers
- Office buildings and professional space
- Light industrial and warehouse
- Heavy industrial and manufacturing
- Multifamily rentals (5+ units)
- Hotels, motels, and short-term rentals
Agricultural Land Tax Reduction
Oregon farms and ranches can qualify for a special assessment that lowers the taxable value. The farm-use value comes from the land’s farm income rather than market sales. Buildings and homes on the farm stay at market value. The program keeps farm taxes close to working-land rates.
Special Assessment Standards
The land must earn at least $1,000 in farm income per year on parcels under six acres. Larger farms need higher minimum income based on acreage. The owner must show three of the past five years of farm activity. Sales of farm land for non-farm use trigger a penalty.
- Western Oregon farms: $1,000 minimum income
- Larger farms: scale by acreage
- Three of past five years in farm use
- Written lease accepted for qualifying farms
- Farm income from crops, livestock, or timber
Application and Filing
Farm owners apply through the assessor office. The application includes crop details, income records, and parcel data. New applications run from January through April 15. Renewals need a quick update each year.
- Pick up the farm special assessment form.
- List all crops, livestock, or timber products.
- Show gross income for the past three years.
- Submit before April 15 for the current tax year.
- Receive approval and updated tax roll entry.
- File a renewal each January to keep the status.
Property Tax Calculator for Josephine County
The Oregon property tax calculator gives a quick estimate based on assessed value and tax code. The tool helps owners plan payments and check bill accuracy. It pulls the combined tax rate for the parcel’s tax code area. You enter the value, and the tool shows the total annual tax.
Inputs Needed for the Calculator
You need the parcel’s assessed value and the tax code. Both appear on the current tax bill or assessment notice. You can also find them on the property data page. Once entered, the calculator applies the combined rate.
- Real market value or assessed value
- Tax code number from the bill
- Any exemption or special assessment value
- Optional: mortgage interest for deduction planning
How to Read the Output
The calculator shows the full year tax based on current levies. It then shows the two half payments with discount values. You can adjust the value to see how a sale price would change the tax. The tool saves your inputs for future planning.
- Full year tax estimate at current rate
- First-half amount with discount applied
- Second-half amount with discount applied
- Effective tax rate per $1,000 of value
- Comparison to prior-year tax for the same parcel
Tax Levy Information
Tax levy facts in Josephine County show the full breakdown of every district that taxes your parcel. Each levy has a code, a rate, and a budget. The tax code on your bill points to a specific levy group. Levies change each year based on voter approval and budget votes.
What Each Levy Funds
Permanent rates cover basic operations. Local option levies run for a set number of years. Bond levies cover capital projects and have set end dates. The levy codes on your bill identify which districts apply.
- Permanent rate: no vote required, capped rate
- Local option: voter approved, time limited
- Bond levy: voter approved, project specific
- Special levy: targeted projects like urban renewal
Reading a Levy Code
A tax code is a four-digit number that points to a set of districts. Each digit pairs to a specific district type. The county tax roll uses the code to combine rates for one tax bill. The same code applies to all parcels in a defined area.
- First digit: school district
- Second digit: city or rural service
- Third digit: fire or emergency district
- Fourth digit: other special districts
Delinquent Property Tax Notices
A delinquent property tax notice goes out when a payment misses the due date. The county treasurer sends a notice by certified mail. The notice shows the unpaid balance plus penalties and interest. Owners have a short window to pay before the lien filing step.
Steps After Receiving a Notice
Pay the full amount right away to stop penalty growth. Partial payments stop some penalties but not all. The county accepts payment plans for owners who cannot pay in full. A lien on the property secures the unpaid amount.
- Read the notice and confirm the unpaid amount.
- Pay the full balance online or at the treasurer’s office.
- Ask the treasurer about a payment plan if needed.
- Confirm receipt with the treasurer by phone.
- Check the next bill to verify the balance cleared.
Consequences of Continued Nonpayment
Continued nonpayment leads to a recorded tax lien. The lien lets the county start foreclosure after three years. Foreclosure sales happen at public auction. Owners can still pay off the debt before the sale closes.
- Lien recorded with the county clerk
- Three-year waiting period before foreclosure
- Public auction date set by the county
- Owners can redeem any time before sale
- Surplus funds (if any) returned to owner after sale
Property Tax Relief Programs in Oregon
Oregon offers property tax relief through several programs. Some target seniors, others target low-income owners, and others target disabled veterans. Josephine County administers the programs with state backing. Owners can apply for more than one program if they qualify.
Statewide Relief Options
The senior deferral program delays taxes until the home sells. The homestead credit caps tax as a percentage of income. The disabled veteran exemption reduces assessed value. Each program has its own rules and deadlines.
- Senior Deferral Program: delay tax until sale
- Homestead Credit: income-based tax cap
- Disabled Veteran Exemption: full or partial value reduction
- Active Military Exemption: time-limited for deployed service
County-Level Assistance
Josephine County helps owners apply for the right program. Staff review eligibility, fill out forms, and check documents. The service is free. You can call or visit the assessor office for help.
- Free in-person help with application forms
- Document review for income and age proof
- Deadline reminders for renewals
- Translations for non-English speakers
Property Tax History Lookup
Property tax history in Josephine County goes back many years through the recorder’s office. Past records help owners check trends, confirm payments, and prepare for appeals. Records show assessed values, tax amounts, and payment dates for each year.
Why Past Records Matter
Past tax records help prove payment for mortgage payoffs and refinances. They also help during an appeal by showing value trends. Buyers check records before closing on a property. Sellers use them to answer buyer questions.
- Proof of payment for loan payoffs
- Value trend for appeals
- Buyer due diligence before closing
- Seller disclosures for real estate sales
- Audit records for tax professionals
How to Request Records
The property data portal shows current and recent tax history. Older records require a written request to the recorder. Most records cost a small fee per page. Online records are free to view.
- Log into the property data portal.
- Search for the parcel.
- Open the “Tax History” tab.
- Print or save the records.
- Call the recorder for records older than shown online.
Online Property Tax Portal
The online portal lets you pay bills, check balances, and view tax history. The portal also lets you sign up for email reminders. The free account saves your parcels for quick access. You can pay with a bank account or credit card.
Setting Up a Portal Account
Account setup takes a few minutes and requires an email address. You link parcels by account number or address. The portal confirms ownership through a verification step. Once linked, you can manage all your parcels in one login.
- Enter email address and password
- Verify the email through a confirmation link
- Add parcels by account number or address
- Confirm ownership through a mailed code
- Log in to view bills and pay online
Portal Features
The portal shows your parcels and active bills on the home screen. You click a parcel to see the bill, value, and payment history. Email reminders alert you before each due date. You can download tax records as PDF files.
- Pay bills by e-check or card
- View current and past bills
- Download tax records as PDF
- Sign up for email reminders
- Track exemptions and special assessments
Property Tax Map and GIS Tools
The GIS map in Josephine County shows parcel lines, tax codes, and value layers. The map lets you search by address, owner, or parcel number. Map layers let you view school zones, fire districts, and flood plains. GIS data updates weekly during the tax season.
Map Layers Available
The map shows base layers like streets and parcels on top. You add layers for zoning, flood plains, and tax codes. Each layer turns on and off with a click. The legend shows what each color means.
- Parcel lines with assessed values
- School district boundaries
- Fire and emergency service zones
- Flood plain and wetland layers
- Urban renewal and special district layers
Tools Built Into the Map
GIS tools let you measure areas, draw shapes, and print maps. You can measure lot size, road frontage, or distance to a school. The print tool produces a clean map for a closing or appeal. You can share maps by email link.
- Measure distance and area
- Draw and label notes on the map
- Print clean maps for paper files
- Share maps by email link
- Export parcel data as a CSV file
Property Tax Refund Eligibility
Property tax refunds apply when you overpaid or qualified for an exemption after billing. The treasurer handles refunds for amounts paid in error. The assessor handles refunds related to exemptions. Refund claims have strict deadlines.
Common Reasons for a Refund
Refunds happen when an exemption is approved after the bill was paid. Refunds also happen when clerical errors inflate the value. Duplicated payments and misapplied payments also qualify for refunds.
- Late-approved exemption applied after bill paid
- Clerical error in value or levy calculation
- Duplicated payment by owner or escrow
- Misapplied payment between parcels
- Successful appeal with retroactive value change
How to File a Refund Claim
The refund claim form is on the county site. You attach proof of payment and reason for the refund. The county reviews and issues payment by check. Refunds can take 60 to 90 days to process.
- Download the refund claim form.
- Fill out parcel facts and owner facts.
- Attach proof of payment and reason for claim.
- Submit to the treasurer or assessor based on the reason.
- Wait for review and written decision.
- Receive refund check or direct deposit.
Property Tax Assessment Notice
The assessment notice shows the new value for the tax year. The notice arrives in October before the November bill. The notice shows real market value, assessed value, exemptions, and value changes. Owners who disagree with the value appeal by December 31.
What the Notice Includes
The notice has five main sections: parcel ID, real market value, assessed value, exemptions, and value change facts. Each section ties to the appraisal record. Owners should compare the new value to recent sales of similar homes.
- Parcel ID and legal description
- Real market value for the tax year
- Assessed value after exemptions
- Property class code
- Value change and reason for change
What to Check on the Notice
Compare the value to recent sales of similar properties. Check that all exemptions apply. Confirm the property class is correct. Look for mistakes in lot size or building size. Errors can be corrected through the assessor’s office.
- Compare to recent neighborhood sales
- Confirm all exemptions are applied
- Check property class for accuracy
- Verify lot and building size
- Review change reason on the bottom line
Property Tax for New Homeowners in Oregon
New homeowners receive their first bill in the year after purchase. The bill arrives at the mailing address on file with the recorder. New owners need to update their mailing address to receive bills. Escrow companies often pay bills on behalf of buyers.
First-Year Tax Filing
The county bills new owners based on the January 1 owner of record. Buyers who close after January 1 may still receive the prior owner’s bill. Escrow handling varies by lender. New owners should confirm who pays which bill.
- January 1 owner of record gets the bill
- Closing after January 1 may inherit prior bill
- Escrow handling depends on lender
- Update mailing address with the recorder
- Confirm exemption eligibility in the first year
Common New Owner Questions
New owners often ask about exemptions and payment schedules. The homestead credit may apply in the first year. Senior exemptions need a separate application. The new owner must apply by April 15 of the tax year.
- Does the homestead credit apply?
- Do I need to reapply for exemptions?
- How does the lender escrow process work?
- What if I do not receive a bill?
- Where do I find the account number?
Property Tax Bill Explanation
Each line on a Josephine County property tax bill ties to a specific funding source. Reading the bill helps owners understand where the money goes. The bill also shows payments received and outstanding balances. Owners can verify each piece against the assessor’s records.
Reading Each Line of the Bill
Start with the parcel facts at the top. Move down to the value facts. Read the levy totals. Look at the payment breakdown. End at the discount and penalty facts. Each block carries specific facts you can verify.
- Parcel facts: account number and legal description
- Value facts: land, improvements, total value
- Levy facts: combined rate and tax by district
- Payment facts: amount due and payment options
- Discount facts: discount dates and amounts
Where the Money Goes
Josephine County tax dollars fund schools, county services, fire protection, and special districts. The school share is the largest part of most bills. The county share covers roads, courts, and offices. Special district funds vary by location.
| Fund Category | Share of Total Bill | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|
| School District | 40-55% | Teachers, buildings, buses |
| County General | 20-30% | Roads, courts, public safety |
| Fire or EMS | 10-20% | Fire stations, equipment |
| City Services | 5-15% | Streets, parks, water |
| Bonds and Special | 5-10% | Capital projects, libraries |
Contact, Local Details, and Map
Josephine County property tax records and bills are handled by the County Assessor’s Office. The Clerk and Recorder’s Office keeps deed records and recorded documents. Both offices sit in downtown Grants Pass on NW 6th Street. Contact details for each office follow below.
Tax Assessor Office
- Department Name: Josephine County Assessor’s Office
- Official Website URL: https://www.josephinecounty.gov
- Direct Public Search Portal Link: https://www.josephinecounty.gov/departments/assessor/property_data___tax_search.php
- Main Phone: (541) 474-5260
- Official Email: assessor@josephinecounty.gov
- Physical Address: 500 NW 6th Street, Dept 3, Grants Pass, OR 97526
- Mailing Address: 500 NW 6th Street, Dept 3, Grants Pass, OR 97526
Deed Recorder Office
- Department Name: Josephine County Clerk and Recorder’s Office
- Official Website URL: https://www.josephinecounty.gov
- Direct Public Search Portal Link: https://www.josephinecounty.gov/departments/county_clerk/digital_research_room.php
- Main Phone: (541) 474-5240
- Official Email: Not Available
- Physical Address: 500 NW 6th St, Rm 170, Grants Pass, OR 97526
- Mailing Address: PO Box 69, Grants Pass, OR 97528
Frequently Asked Questions
Josephine Property Tax information helps homeowners and business owners see what they owe, how to pay, and where to get help. Knowing tax rates, deadlines, and exemptions can lower costs and avoid penalties. The assessor’s office, tax collector, and online portal make it easy to find bills, check exemptions, and appeal assessments.
What are the 2026 Josephine County property tax rates for residential parcels?
The 2026 rate for a single‑family home sits at 1.2 percent of the assessed value. If the home qualifies for the senior exemption, the rate drops by 0.4 percent. For example, a house assessed at $200,000 would owe $2,400, or $1,600 with the exemption. Rates appear on the yearly bill and the assessor’s online search page.
How can I pay my Josephine County property tax bill before the September deadline?
Visit the county tax collector’s portal or call (541) 474‑5260 to set up online or phone payment. Acceptable methods include credit card, ACH, and mailed check. Pay by the first week of September to avoid a 5 percent late charge. Keep the receipt; it serves as proof in case of disputes.
Where can I find a property tax exemption for seniors in Josephine County?
Senior owners aged 65 or older apply through the Assessor’s Office. Submit the exemption form with proof of age and income by March 1. Once approved, the exemption reduces the levy by up to $10,000 of assessed value. Check the status on the online portal using the parcel number.
What steps should I follow to appeal a Josephine County property tax assessment?
First, review the assessment notice for errors. Then, gather recent sales data or appraisal values that support a lower value. File an appeal form with the assessor by the April 15 deadline, attaching supporting documents. Attend the hearing on the scheduled date; the board will issue a decision within 30 days.
How do I locate the commercial property tax rate and levy codes for a business parcel?
Log in to the assessor’s property data search and enter the commercial address or parcel ID. The result page lists the current tax rate, usually between 1.5 and 2.0 percent, and displays each levy code with a short description. Use these codes to understand which services fund the taxes, such as fire protection or road maintenance.
